Visiontxt,chm,pdf,epub,mobi下载 作者:David Marr 出版社: The MIT Press 副标题: A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information 出版年: 2010-7-9 页数: 432 定价: USD 45.00 装帧: Paperback ISBN: 9780262514620 内容简介 · · · · · ·David Marr's posthumously published Vision (1982) influenced a generation of brain and cognitive scientists, inspiring many to enter the field. In Vision, Marr describes a general framework for understanding visual perception and touches on broader questions about how the brain and its functions can be studied and understood. Researchers from a range of brain and cognitive scie... 目录 · · · · · ·Detailed ContentsForeword by Shimon Ullman xvii Preface xxiii PART I INTRODUCTION AND PHILOSOPHICAL PRELIMINARIES · · · · · ·() Detailed Contents Foreword by Shimon Ullman xvii Preface xxiii PART I INTRODUCTION AND PHILOSOPHICAL PRELIMINARIES GENERAL INTRODUCTION 3 Chapter 1 The Philosophy and the Approach 8 Background 8 Understanding Complex Information-Processing Systems 19 Representation and description 20 Process 22 The three levels 24 Importance of computational theory 27 The approach of J. J. Gibson 29 A Representational Framework for Vision 31 The purpose of vision 32 Advanced vision 34 To the desirable via the possible 36 PART II VISION Chapter 2 Representing the Image 41 Physical Background of Early Vision 41 Representing the image 44 Underlying physical assumptions 44 Existence of surfaces 44 Hierarchical organization 44 Similarity 47 Spatial continuity 49 Continuity of discontinuities 49 Continuity of fl ow 50 General nature of the representation 51 Zero-Crossings and the Raw Primal Sketch 54 Zero-Crossings 54 Biological implications 61 The psychophysics of early vision 61 The physiological realization of the ▽2G filters 64 The physiological detection of zero crossings 64 The fi rst complete symbolic representation of the image 67 The raw primal sketch 68 Philosophical aside 75 Spatial Arrangement of an Image 79 Light Sources and Transparency 86 Other light source effects 88 Transparency 89 Conclusions 90 Grouping Processes and the Full Primal Sketch 91 Main points in the argument 96 The computational approach and the psychophysics of texture discrimination 96 Chapter 3 From Images to Surfaces 99 Modular Organization of the Human Visual Processor 99 Processes, Constraints, and the Available Representations of an Image 103 Stereopsis 111 Measuring stereo disparity 111 Computational theory 111 Algorithms for stereo matching 116 A cooperative algorithm 116 Cooperative algorithms and the stereo matching problem 122 Biological evidence 125 A second algorithm 127 Uniqueness, cooperativity, and the pulling effect 140 Panum’s fusional area 144 Impressions of depth from larger disparities 144 Have we solved the right problem? 148 Vergence movements and the 2½-D sketch 149 Neural implementation of stereo fusion 152 Computing distance and surface orientation from disparity 155 Computational theory 155 Distance from the viewer to the surface 155 Surface orientation from disparity change 156 Algorithm and implementation 159 Directional Selectivity 159 Introduction to visual motion 159 Computational theory 165 An algorithm 167 Neural implementation 169 Using directional selectivity to separate independently moving surfaces 175 Computational theory 175 Algorithm and implementation 177 Looming 182 Apparent Motion 182 Why apparent motion? 183 The two halves of the problem 184 The correspondence problem 188 Empirical fi ndings 188 What is the input representation? 188 Two dimensionality of the correspondence process 193 Ullman’s theory of the correspondence process 196 A critique of Ullman’s theory 199 A new look at the correspondence problem 202 One problem or two? 202 Separate systems for structure and object constancy 204 Structure from Motion 205 The problem 205 A previous approach 207 The rigidity constraint 209 The rigidity assumption 210 A note about the perspective projection 211 Optical flow 212 The input representation 212 Mathematical results 213 Shape Contours 215 Some examples 216 Occluding contours 218 Constraining assumptions 219 Implications of the assumptions 222 Surface orientation discontinuities 225 Surface contours 226 The puzzle and diffi culty of surface contours 228 Determining the shape of the contour generator 229 The effects of more than one contour 230 Surface Texture 233 The isolation of texture elements 234 Surface parameters 234 Possible measurements 234 Estimating scaled distance directly 238 Summary 239 Shading and Photometric Stereo 239 Gradient space 240 Surface illumination, surface refl ectance, and image intensity 243 The refl ectance map 245 Recovery of shape from shading 248 Photometric stereo 249 Brightness, Lightness, and Color 250 The Helson–Judd approach 252 Retinex theory of lightness and color 253 Algorithms 255 Extension to color vision 256 Comments on the retinex theory 257 Some physical reasons for the importance of simultaneous contrast 259 Hypothesis of the superfi cial origin of nonlinear changes in intensity 26 Implications for measurements on a trichromatic image 262 Summary of the approach 264 Summary 264 Chapter 4 The Immediate Representation of Visible Surfaces 268 Introduction 268 Image Segmentation 270 Reformulating the Problem 272 The Information to be Represented 275 General Form of the 2½-D Sketch 277 Possible Forms for the Representation 279 Possible Coordinate Systems 283 Interpolation, Continuation, and Discontinuities 285 Computational Aspects of the Interpolation Problem 288 Discontinuities 289 Interpolation methods 290 Other Internal Computations 291 Chapter 5 Representing Shapes for Recognition 295 Introduction 295 Issues Raised by the Representation of Shape 296 Criteria for judging the effectiveness of a shape representation 296 Accessibility 297 Scope and uniqueness 297 Stability and sensitivity 298 Choices in the design of a shape representation 298 Coordinate systems 298 Primitives 300 Organization 302 The 3-D Model Representation 302 Natural coordinate systems 303 Axis-based descriptions 304 Modular organization of the 3-D model representation 305 Coordinate system of the 3-D model 307 Natural Extensions 309 Deriving and Using the 3-D Model Representation 313 Deriving a 3-D model description 313 Relating viewer-centered to object-centered coordinates 317 Indexing and the catalogue of 3-D models 318 Interaction between derivation and recognition 321 Finding the correspondence between image and catalogued model 322 Constraint analysis 322 Psychological Considerations 325 Chapter 6 Synopsis 329 PART III EPILOGUE Chapter 7 In Defense of the Approach 335 Introduction 335 A Conversation 336 Afterword by Tomaso Poggio 362 Glossary 368 Bibliography 375 Index 393 · · · · · · () |
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